Frequency of moderate to high myopia in primary open-angle glaucoma in tertiary care hospital

Sarmad Saheem; Sohail Ahmad; Saif Ullah; Maryam Firdous; Sadaf Qayyum

doi:10.32593/jstmu/Vol5.Iss2.200

Sarmad Saheem Pakistan Institute of Ophthalmology, Al-Shifa Trust Eye Hospital, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
Sohail Ahmad Pakistan Institute of Ophthalmology, Al-Shifa Trust Eye Hospital, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
Saif Ullah Pakistan Institute of Ophthalmology, Al-Shifa Trust Eye Hospital, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
Maryam Firdous Pakistan Institute of Ophthalmology, Al-Shifa Trust Eye Hospital, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
Sadaf Qayyum Pakistan Institute of Ophthalmology, Al-Shifa Trust Eye Hospital, Rawalpindi, Pakistan

DOI: https://doi.org/10.32593/jstmu/Vol5.Iss2.200

Keywords: Open Angle Glaucoma, Myopia, Frequency

Abstract

Introduction: Glaucoma is one of the leading causes of irreversible blindness in the adult population worldwide with Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma being its most common type. Moderate to high myopia is one of the various risk factors associated with POAG. Early detection and management of glaucoma in patients can slow down its progression and prevent vision loss.

Objective: To evaluate the frequency of moderate to high myopia in Primary Open Angle Glaucoma (POAG) and to find out the association between myopia and POAG.

Methodology: A total of 100 participants were included in this cross-sectional study through consecutive sampling techniques. Refractive error was measured through an auto refractometer. Glaucomatous Patients were diagnosed as POAG on clinical findings (elevated IOP and optic nerve changes), visual field loss, and/or retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) defects. The anterior chamber angle was evaluated with the Van Herrick technique. Association between myopia and independent variables were statistically determined.

Results: The mean age of all the participants was 52.36 ± 15.350. The frequencies of low, moderate, and high myopia were 34%, 12.5%, and 4% respectively. Male gender had a significant association with the high prevalence of low myopia in patients with POAG (p-value <0.05). Illiteracy and low and middle-class socioeconomic background were the other significant risk factors.

Conclusion: Myopia is the major risk factor in POAG and other factors like illiteracy and a poor socioeconomic background attributed to it should be screened and assessed so that earlier detection in the population can prevent vision loss.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Author Biographies

Sarmad Saheem, Pakistan Institute of Ophthalmology, Al-Shifa Trust Eye Hospital, Rawalpindi, Pakistan

Optometrist

Sohail Ahmad, Pakistan Institute of Ophthalmology, Al-Shifa Trust Eye Hospital, Rawalpindi, Pakistan

Professor

Saif Ullah, Pakistan Institute of Ophthalmology, Al-Shifa Trust Eye Hospital, Rawalpindi, Pakistan

Assistant Professor

Maryam Firdous, Pakistan Institute of Ophthalmology, Al-Shifa Trust Eye Hospital, Rawalpindi, Pakistan

Senior Lecturer

Sadaf Qayyum, Pakistan Institute of Ophthalmology, Al-Shifa Trust Eye Hospital, Rawalpindi, Pakistan

Senior Lecturer

References

Leffler CT, Schwartz SG, Giliberti FM, Young MT, Bermudez D. What was glaucoma called before the 20th century? Ophthalmol Eye Dis. 2015; 7:OED-S32004.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.4137/OED.S32004

Loyo-Berríos NI, Blustein JN. Primary-open glaucoma and myopia: a narrative review. Wis Med J.-. 2007; 106(2):85. PMID: 17479825.

Weinreb RN, Aung T, Medeiros FA. The pathophysiology and treatment of glaucoma: a review. J Am Med Assoc. 2014; 311(18):1901-11.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2014.3192

Jonas JB, Aung T, Bourne RR, Bron AM, Ritch R, Panda-Jonas S. Glaucoma–Authors' reply. Lancet. 2018; 391(10122):740.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(18)30305-2

Erb C. Functional disorders in the chronological progression of glaucoma. Der Ophthalmologe: Zeitschrift der Deutschen Ophthalmologischen Gesellschaft. 2015; 112(5):402-9.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00347-015-0005-y

Ohana EB, Blumen MB, Bluwol E, Derri M, Chabolle F, Nordmann JP. Primary open-angle glaucoma and snoring: prevalence of OSAS. Eur Ann Otorhinolaryngol Head Neck Dis. 2010; 127(5):159-64.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anorl.2010.07.003

Friedman DS, Wolfs RC, O’Colmain BJ. Eye Diseases Prevalence Research Group. Prevalence of open-angle glaucoma among adults in the United States. Arch Ophthalmol. 2004; 122(4):532-8.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1001/archopht.122.4.532

Day AC, Baio G, Gazzard G, Bunce C, Azuara-Blanco A, Munoz B, et al. The prevalence of primary angle closure glaucoma in European derived populations: a systematic review. Br J Ophthalmol. 2012; 96(9):1162-7.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/bjophthalmol-2011-301189

Heijl A, Bengtsson B, Oskarsdottir SE. Prevalence and severity of undetected manifest glaucoma: results from the early manifest glaucoma trial screening. Ophthalmol. 2013; 120(8):1541-5.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ophtha.2013.01.043

He M, Zheng Y, Xiang F. Prevalence of myopia in urban and rural children in mainland China. Optom Vis Sci. 2009; 86(1):40-4.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/OPX.0b013e3181940719

Chen SJ, Lu P, Zhang WF, Lu JH. High myopia as a risk factor in primary open-angle glaucoma. Int J Ophthalmol. 2012; 5(6):750.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3980/j.issn.2222-3959.2012.06.18

Tay E, Seah SK, Chan SP, Lim AT, Chew SJ, Foster PJ, et al. Optic disk ovality as an index of tilt and its relationship to myopia and perimetry. Am. J. Ophthalmol. 2005; 139(2):247-52.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajo.2004.08.076

Wang X, Rumpel H, Lim WE, Baskaran M, Perera SA, Nongpiur ME, et al. Finite element analysis predicts large optic nerve head strains during horizontal eye movements. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2016; 57(6):2452-62.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1167/iovs.15-18986

Bertram B, Gante C, Hilgers RD. Zunahme der Untersuchungen wegen Katarakt, Glaukom, diabetischer Retinopathie und Makuladegeneration. Der Ophthalmol. 2014; 111(8):757-64.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00347-013-2966-z

Chauhan BC, Mikelberg FS, Balaszi AG, LeBlanc RP, Lesk MR, Trope GE, Canadian Glaucoma Study Group. Canadian Glaucoma Study: 2. risk factors for the progression of open-angle glaucoma. Arch Ophthalmol. 2008; 126(8):1030-6.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1001/archopht.126.8.1030

Bron A, Chaine G, Villain M, Colin J, Nordmann JP, Renard JP, et al. Les facteurs de risque du glaucome primitif à angle ouvert. J Fr Ophtalmol. 2008; 31(4):435-44.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0181-5512(08)71443-8

Buys YM, Jin YP, Canadian Glaucoma Risk Factor Study Group. Socioeconomic status as a risk factor for late presentation of glaucoma in Canada. Can J Ophthalmol. 2013; 48(2):83-7.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcjo.2012.10.003

Oh SA, Ra H, Jee D. Socioeconomic status and glaucoma: associations in high levels of income and education. Curr Eye Res. 2019; 44(4):436-41.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/02713683.2018.1548129

Lee JY, Sung KR, Han S, Na JH. Effect of myopia on the progression of primary open-angle glaucoma. Investig. Ophthalmol. 2015; 56(3):1775-81.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1167/iovs.14-16002