Influence of smoking and other factors in development of cataracts in urban and rural areas. A cross-sectional study from Pakistan

Yasir Nawaz; Qurat ul Ain; Anina Qureshi; Fouzia Tanvir; Iqra Shareef; Mehmooda Asif; Muhammad Zaman

doi:10.32593/jstmu/Vol7.Iss1.270

Yasir Nawaz Department of Zoology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Okara, Okara, Pakistan
Qurat ul Ain Department of Pharmacy, University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
Anina Qureshi Margalla College of Pharmacy, Margalla Institute of Health Sciences, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
Fouzia Tanvir Department of Zoology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Okara, Okara, Pakistan
Iqra Shareef
Mehmooda Asif Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Okara, Okara, Pakistan
Muhammad Zaman Department of Zoology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Okara, Okara, Pakistan

DOI: https://doi.org/10.32593/jstmu/Vol7.Iss1.270

Keywords: Smoking, Huqa, Cataract, World, Urban, Rural

Abstract

Introduction: Cataract is characterized by the clouding of the crystalline lens fibers in the eyes. Smoking has been identified as risk factor for several common and serious eye diseases, including age-related macular degeneration, glaucoma, and cataracts, all of which can lead to irreversible blindness. This study aimed to examine the relationship between tobacco smoking and non-smoking with the prevalence of cataracts in both urban and rural populations in Pakistan.

Methodology: This epidemiological study was conducted in Okara, involving approximately 2000 patients. Some participants did not provide information, resulting in a total of 1992 confirmed cases from both genders. Data was collected using a questionnaire-based form after obtaining informed consent from patients.

Results: Of the 1992 subjects, 46.13% were male and 53.87% were female. The age distribution of both groups showed a significant difference. A total of 24.60% of patients were from urban areas, while 75.40% were from rural areas, showing no significant difference. The marital status of age groups 20 to 60 and 61 to 100 showed no significant differences. For cigarette smokers aged 20 to 60, the OR / 95% CI was 10.41/2.34, while for the age group 61 to 100, it was 6.63 / 1.89, indicating a significant difference. Huqa smokers aged 20 to 60 also showed a significant difference, as did the age group 61 to 100.

Conclusion: Smoking, whether cigarettes or huqa, is strongly associated with the development of cataracts. Other factors, such as the use of pan, niswar, and marital status, also play a role.

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Author Biographies

Yasir Nawaz, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Okara, Okara, Pakistan

Lecturer

Qurat ul Ain, Department of Pharmacy, University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan

Lecturer

Anina Qureshi, Margalla College of Pharmacy, Margalla Institute of Health Sciences, Rawalpindi, Pakistan

Senior Lecturer

Fouzia Tanvir, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Okara, Okara, Pakistan

Assistant Professor

Mehmooda Asif, Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Okara, Okara, Pakistan

MS Scholar

Muhammad Zaman, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Okara, Okara, Pakistan

Lecturer

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