The relationship between some immunological and biochemical parameters with COVID-19: A comprehensive review

Ahmed Kamil Awad; Anas Wisam Malik; Hayder T Qaddoori

doi:10.32593/jstmu/Vol7.Iss2.307

Ahmed Kamil Awad Middle Technical University, Baqubah, Iraq
Anas Wisam Malik Middle Technical University, Baqubah, Iraq
Hayder T Qaddoori Middle Technical University, Baqubah, Iraq

DOI: https://doi.org/10.32593/jstmu/Vol7.Iss2.307

Keywords: Coronavirus, C-reactive protein, Ferritin, Antibodies, D-Dimer

Abstract

Coronaviruses, a family of RNA viruses, are known to infect various species, including humans, through specific receptors in organs such as the lungs and heart. The article highlights the significant elevation of biomarkers like C-reactive protein (CRP), ferritin, D-dimer, and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in COVID-19 patients, which correlate with disease severity and inflammatory responses and provides a comprehensive analysis of the immunological and biochemical factors associated with COVID-19, focusing on the role of coronaviruses. The authors discuss the zoonotic origins of SARS-CoV-2, tracing its transmission from bats to humans via intermediate hosts like pangolins. They emphasize the airborne nature of SARS-CoV-2 transmission among humans, primarily through respiratory droplets and potential fecal-oral routes. The structural characteristics of coronaviruses are examined, detailing their large size and spike proteins that facilitate entry into host cells by binding to the ACE2 receptor. The study emphasizes identifying reliable COVID-19 biomarkers, particularly C-reactive protein (CRP), for early diagnosis and severity assessment. It calls for continued research to improve diagnostic and therapeutic strategies in managing this viral infection.

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Author Biographies

Ahmed Kamil Awad, Middle Technical University, Baqubah, Iraq

Lecturer, Department of Nursing Technologies, Middle Technical University, Baqubah, Iraq

Anas Wisam Malik, Middle Technical University, Baqubah, Iraq

Lecturer, Department of Medical Laboratory, Middle Technical University, Baqubah, Iraq

Hayder T Qaddoori, Middle Technical University, Baqubah, Iraq

Lecturer, Department of Medical Laboratory, Middle Technical University, Baqubah, Iraq

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